Nikola Tesla, Discovered Alternating Current

Nikola Tesla, Discovered Alternating Current Nikola Tesla (July 10, 1856–January 7, 1943), who was a trained electrical and mechanical engineer, was one of the most influential inventors of the 20th century. Eventually holding over 700 patents, Tesla worked in a number of fields, including electricity, robotics, radar, and wireless transmission of energy. Teslas discoveries laid the groundwork for many of the 20th centurys technological advances. Tesla’s life played out like a science fiction movie. He often had flashes of light in his mind that revealed the design of innovative machinery, which he committed to paper, constructed, tested, and perfected. But all was not easy. The race to light up the world was fraught with rancor and animosity. Fast Facts: Nikola Tesla Known For: Discovered alternating current (AC), influenced the modern electrical-supply systemAlso Known As: Father of AC Current, Father of the Radio, The Man Who Invented the 20th CenturyBorn: July 10, 1856 in Smiljan, CroatiaParents: Milutin Tesla, Ä uka TeslaDied: January 7, 1943 in New York CityEducation: Realschule in Karlstadt, the University of Prague, the Polytechnic Institute in Graz, Austria (studied mechanical and electrical engineering, but dropped out)Published Works: The Problem of Increasing Human Energy (published in  The Century Magazine  in 1900), Experiments With Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency  (1904, republished in 2012), My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla (1919)Awards and Honors: AIEE  Edison Medal  (1917), University of Paris Medal (1937), The Medal of the University St. Clement of Ochrida, Sofia, Bulgaria (1939), IEEE Nikola Tesla Award (presented annually to an individual or team that has made an outstanding contribution to the generation or utilization of  electric power)Notable Quote: If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency and vibration. Early Years Tesla was born on July 10, 1856, to Milutin Tesla, a Serbian Orthodox priest in Smiljan, Croatia, and Ä uka Tesla. He credited his innovative quest to his mother, an inventive homemaker who created appliances such as a mechanical eggbeater to help with the home and farm. Tesla studied at the Realschule in Karlstadt, the University of Prague, and the Polytechnic Institute in Graz, Austria, where he studied mechanical and electrical engineering. Work With Edison In 1882, the 24-year-old Tesla was working for the Central Telephone Exchange in Budapest when the idea for a rotating magnetic field flashed through his mind. Tesla was determined to turn his idea into a reality but he was unable to find backing for the project in Budapest; thus, Tesla moved to New York in 1884 and introduced himself to Thomas Edison through a letter of recommendation. Edison, the creator of the incandescent light bulb and the world’s first electric lighting system in the commercial blocks of lower Manhattan, hired Tesla at $14 per week plus a $50,000 bonus if Tesla could improve Edison’s electric lighting system. Edisons system, a coal-burning electric generating station, was limited to supplying electricity to about a one-mile radius at the time. AC vs. DC Although Tesla and Edison shared a mutual respect for one another, at least at first, Tesla challenged Edison’s claim that current could only flow in one direction (DC, direct current). Tesla claimed that energy was cyclic and could change direction (AC, alternating current), which would increase voltage levels across greater distances than Edison had pioneered. Since Edison didnt like Teslas idea of alternating current, which would impose a radical departure from his own system, Edison refused to award Tesla the bonus. Edison said the offer of a bonus had been a joke and that Tesla didnt understand American humor. Betrayed and insulted, Tesla quit working for Thomas Edison. Scientific Rival Seeing an opportunity, George Westinghouse (an American industrialist, inventor, corporate entrepreneur, and a rival of Thomas Edison in his own right) bought Tesla’s 40 U.S. patents for the polyphase alternating current system of generators, motors, and transformers. In 1888, Tesla went to work for Westinghouse in order to develop the alternating current system. At this time, electricity was still new and feared by the public due to fires and electric shocks. Edison fed that fear by using smear tactics against alternating current, even stooping to the electrocution of animals to scare the community into believing that alternating current was much more dangerous than direct current. In 1893, Westinghouse outbid Edison in lighting up the Columbian Exposition in Chicago, which allowed Westinghouse and Tesla to show the public the marvels and advantages of electric light and appliances via alternating current. This demonstration of alternating current convinced J.P. Morgan, an American investor who had originally financed Edison, to back Westinghouse and Tesla in their design for the first hydroelectric power plant in Niagara Falls. Built in 1895, the new hydroelectric power plant transmitted an amazing twenty miles away. Large AC generating stations (using dams on large rivers and power lines) would eventually link across the nation and become the type of power supplied to homes today. A Wireless World Winning the War of Currents, Tesla sought a way to make the world wireless. In 1898, Tesla demonstrated a remote-controlled boat at the Madison Square Garden Electrical Exhibition. The following year, Tesla moved his work to Colorado Springs, Colorado, in order to construct a high-voltage/high-frequency tower for the U.S. government. The goal was to develop a wireless transmission of energy using the vibrating waves of the earth to generate unlimited power and communications. Through this work, he lit 200 lamps without wires from a distance of 25 miles and shot man-made lightning into the atmosphere using a Tesla coil, a transformer antenna he had patented in 1891. In December 1900, Tesla returned to New York and began work on a â€Å"World-System† of wireless transmissions intended to link up the world’s signal stations (telephone, telegraph, etc.). However, the backing investor, J.P. Morgan, who had financed the Niagara Falls project, terminated the contract upon learning that it would be â€Å"free† wireless electricity for all to tap into. Death On Jan. 7, 1943, Tesla died at the age of 86 of coronary thrombosis in his bed at the Hotel New Yorker where he resided. Tesla, who had never married, had spent his life creating, inventing, and discovering. Upon his death, Tesla held over 700 patents, which included the modern electric motor, remote control, wireless transmission of energy, basic laser and radar technology, the first neon and fluorescent illumination, the first X-ray photographs, the wireless vacuum tube, the air-friction speedometer for automobiles, and the Tesla coil (widely used in radio, television sets, and other electronic equipment). Legacy On June 21, 1943, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of Tesla as â€Å"the father of the radio† rather than Guglielmo Marconi who had received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for his contributions to the development of the radio. The court’s decision was based on Tesla’s lectures of 1893 and possibly due to the fact that the Marconi Corporation had sued the U.S. government for royalties for using radio patents during World War I. In addition to all that Tesla created, he also had many ideas that he didnt have time to finish. Some of these ideas included massive weapons. In a world still immersed in World War II and that was just beginning to split into East vs. West, ideas of massive weapons were coveted. After Teslas death, the FBI seized Teslas belongings and notebooks. It is thought that the U.S. government used the information from Teslas notes to work on building beam weapons after the war. The government set up a secret project, called Project Nick, which tested the feasibility of death rays, but the project was eventually shut down and the results of their experiments were never published. Sources â€Å"25 Nikola Tesla Quotes to Become the Inventor of Your Dreams.†Ã‚  Goalcast, 20 Dec. 2017.Editors, History.com. â€Å"Nikola Tesla.†Ã‚  History.com, AE Television Networks, 9 Nov. 2009.â€Å"The Extraordinary Life of Nikola Tesla.†Ã‚  Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 5 Jan. 2018.â€Å"Nikola Tesla.†Ã‚  Nikola Tesla, u-s-history.com.

What finance options are open to a fast growing UK Listed Maritime Assignment

What finance options are open to a fast growing UK Listed Maritime Company that is looking to expand - Assignment Example The market failure may  arise from imperfect information fuelled by volatile economic conditions where lenders become risk averse. #1 Critical evaluation of the difference between debt and equity from the perspective of a UK listed company Listed companies have a broad range of financing options available to them, which include debt and equity (Graham and Smart, 2009, p. 44). Companies utilize a blend of debt and equity funding to finance their operations. Companies bearing high credit ratings can borrow money at low interest, besides selling shares at a premium. Debt refers to money raised from banks and bondholders, while equity refers to money raised from the shareholders. In return for investing their money in a company, shareholders are rewarded with a percentage of the company (a share). Equity financing refers to issuing additional shares of common stock to investors. The issuing of common stock decreases the previous stockholders’ percentage of ownership. Debt financ ing is often accompanied by strict conditions or covenants, besides having to pay interest and principal on stipulated dates. Debt Sources of Financing Debt financing incorporates collateralized bonds, leases, bank overdrafts, debentures, lines of credit, and bank loans. A bond refers to a written promise to pay back a certain amount of money on a stipulated date in the future. In the interim, bondholders receive interest payments at fixed rates on stipulated dates. Debt financing typically includes an interest rate of about 3-8% depending on the  debt and the arrangement. The face value, maturity date, and coupon rate are evaluated at the time the bond is issued (Morris, McKay and Oates, 2009, p. 328). The shareholders assume all the risks and rewards from debt financing. As a result, debt financing can be relatively less expensive compared to equity finance depending on the expectation of the equity financiers. Equity Sources of Financing Companies usually seek capital from inve stors through the issuance of either common or preferred shares. Equity financing may also incorporate employee stock options. Equity funding does not incur interest or have to be repaid. Debt financing is usually more risky compared to equity financing, although equity financing is more expensive (Gleyberman, 2009, p. 8). Some of the advantages of debt financing include interest payments being tax deductible and that there is no dilution of ownership to the existing equity holders. The disadvantages of debt financing include the fact that the debt holder has priority over the company assets during liquidation. Besides, in cases where the investor doubts the capability of the company to meet interest payments, investors may demand higher interests to compensate for the uncertainty. In addition, there are several covenants associated with debt instruments that may constrain a company’s freedom of action (Albrecht, Stice, Stice and Swain, 2011, p. 507). In debt financing, loan repayment should be done on a predetermined date even if the business is in a loss. The cost to the company in debt financing is known beforehand. The cost to the company in debt financing is straightforward to predict, plan, and repay. Equity financing has several advantages such as no current payments due and no preferential rights on the company’s assets. The process of raising funds through equity

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION ASSIGNMENT

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION - Assignment Example Cystic Fibrosis that is not showing or dominant is said to be recessive. The parents thus are carriers since they appear normal yet they have a child that shows the deformity. It’s justified to say that the parents are carriers since for cystic fibrosis to manifest, like any other trait it requires two genes, one from each of the parents. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is connoted as the building block of an organism. It is known to be host to information that is crucial for a cell functioning for example protein synthesis as well as replicating itself. It contains four nucleotide bases namely: RNA appears same way as the DNA In that the two are nucleic acids with bases comprising of nitrogen and brought together by a sugar- phosphate. There are however divergences of the structures as well as functions characterizing RNA and the DNA. 6. In your own words, describe the process of protein synthesis, starting with the DNA, stored in the nucleus, and ending with the completed protein. Be sure to mention the terms code, codon, anticodon, mRNA, tRNA, amino acids and ribosomes in your answer. During protein manufacture, RNA kinds that play various roles include one, Messenger RNA referred as mRNA that is tasked with ferrying genetic message or information. A package of 3 mRNA bases within a row constitutes a codon which then defines an amino acid. The second is the Ribosomal RNA, referred as rRNA contained in ribosomes where the actual protein manufacture occurs. The third is the RNA tasked with transfer, tRNA that piles an amino acid on a developing protein. Since the DNA keeps genetic information, then the RNA ferries that message all the way to the cytoplasm, where it is utilized to manufacture proteins. Genetic counseling is a process that involves advising a couple about genetic conditions and to that effect taking a keen examination of a couple’s family back ground (OToole & Marie, 755). The doctor orders the carrying

The work-flow Essay Example for Free

The work-flow Essay In order to reduce the overtime, skipped breaks, late arrivals, and free time indulged in by my employees; I am going to implement several strategies. First, I will construct a work-flow chart to see exactly where the job responsibilities are being delegated. Then, I will redistribute the workload between Jack Snyder, and Ruth Disselkoen, if necessary. Next, since Jack has proven capable of handling his jobs professionally and expediently, I would also like to assign him to train Ruth in his methodology. There are several reasons these solutions will be effective. The work-flow chart will allow me to assess the work quality, efficiency, and effectiveness of Jack and Ruth. The chart will also make them aware of and accountable for their output. The redistribution of the workload will eliminate the skipped breaks and overtime, as well as, giving less time for late arrivals and extended breaks. This will result in a more efficient office while reducing cost to the company. I will continually monitor the situation to ensure the accountability of Jack and Ruth for their output. Having Jack train Ruth will benefit both of them; in that Ruth will learn better time management strategies and Jack will have something to do with his free time. Jack will also develop a stronger sense of worth. In fact, if he proves effective at this task, he could be considered for a promotion if Jessica Hilo does not return to work. Consequently, the resulting pride in a job well done will increase productivity, quality, and efficiency, also insuring the company’s dollars are being economically spent.

Grasshoppers :: essays research papers

Grasshoppers are herbivorous insects of the suborder Caelifera in the order Orthoptera. To distinguish them from bush crickets or katydids, they are sometimes referred to as short-horn grasshoppers. Species that change colour and behaviour at high population densities are called locusts. The Characteristics of a Grasshopper The Grasshoppers have antennae that are almost always shorter than the body (sometime filamentous), and short ovipositors. These species that make easily heard noise usually do so by rubbing the hind femurs against the forewings or abdomen (stridulation), or by snapping the wing sin flight. Tympana, if present, are on the sides of the first abdominal segment. The hind femora are typically long and strong fitted for leaping. Generally they are winged, but hind winds are membranous while front wings (tegmina) are coriaceous and not fit for flight. Females are normally larger than males, with short ovipositors. They are easily confused with the other sub-order of Orthoptera Ensifea, but are different in many aspects, such as the segments in their antennae and structure of the ovipositor, as well as Ensiferans have antennae with at least 30 segments and Caelifera have fewer. In evolutionary terms, the spilt between the Caelifera and the Ensifera is no more recent than the Permo-Triassic boundary (Zeuner 1939) Their Diverstiry and range Recent estimates (Kevan 1982, GÃ ¼nther, 1980, 1992, Otte 1994-1995 subsequent literature) indicate some 2,400 valid Caeliferan Genera and about 11,000 valid species described to date. Many un-described species exist, especially in tropical wet forests. The Caelifera are predominantly tropical but most super families are presented world wide. Families The suborder Caelifera consists primarily of five major families: ? Acrididae (field Grasshoppers and locusts) ? Emuastacidae (tanaocerids) ? Tetrigidae (grouse locusts, pygmy grasshoppers, and pygmy locusts) ? Tridactylidae (pygmy mole crickets) The most important family is Acrididae consisting of about 10,000 species. The family is characterised by the short thickened antennae and relatively unmodified anatomy, they are visually more striking than othe Caelifera, die to the adult?

Focus On The Learner

Gabby has approximately six years of formal education, where he learnt most of the English he uses to communicate with; and a further two weeks of lessons he received whilst at a BBC centre. Gabby currently has no formal work experience; however, he is knowledgeable in the field of electrical engineering and has had some informal experience in this sector. He is highly motivated to learn the English language and his primary goal for this is that so he may one day attend University; perhaps to further his appreciation and love for music or to continue and learn more in the field of electrical engineering.This goal motivates Gabby and is highly evident in the way he endeavourers to be an astute student. Learning Styles and Preferences Whilst observing Gabby in the classroom and through speaking to him one-on- one it is apparent that his preferred style of learning is more centered on visual/spatial and kinesthesia modes of receipt. His completion of the sensory styles quiz compounds th ese assumptions and show that Gabby is able to receive and process information more efficiently if it is visually presented to him either by flashcards, pictures or realize.During classroom observation it was evident that Gabby is highly interpersonal; during pair-work activities he discussed the task enthusiastically with his partner and also listened attentively to their views. When nominated to answer a question Gabby would usually answer correctly, this shows his understanding of and propensity for communicative language. Gabby excels in group based activities and prefers these to individual tasks where he must work alone. The survey also reflected Gabby more developed kinesthesia sensory style, in the classroom he would be observed taking part in physical activities very enthusiastically.He enjoys movement and exercise, and learns better in this way; he also mentioned his love for the game of football which he played regularly in the DRP. Linguistic Ability – Strengths G affs command of spoken English language is average, he often pauses to think of a word and his pronunciation and grammar are weak at times, however, given the time frame that Gabby has been actually speaking the language it is quite impressive. He is more than able to express his opinion or needs within the classroom environment.Gabby is quite able to read a graded ice of text, although he may take some time and get blocked on certain unfamiliar words, he has shown the ability to perform gist reading tasks quite capably. He also admitted his preference for reading romance novels which he uses to enhance his reading skills. The strength in Cabby's writing skill is shown in his remarkably accurate spelling. Although he makes some grammatical errors his writing is generally legible and comprehensible. His formation of written words is sensible and corresponds to their respective phonemic sounds.Although listening is not one of Cabby's strengths he is tie able to understand English spea kers or instructions that are given to him verbally, both the meaning and context Of what he is required to do are clear to him. Gabby performs well in gist listening based tasks. Gabby vocabulary is quite extended, he has the ability to learn new words rapidly and use them in the correct context. He often pauses when speaking, to think of a word, but he eventually remembers it and uses it correctly. His level of functional vocabulary will enable him to navigate most everyday situations with ease.At times Gabby does make some grammatical mistakes but he often endeavors to correct himself. He is aware of most basic grammatical rules, for example, ‘y' changing to ‘ices' for certain countable nouns. He can often be observed writing down new grammatical rules and examples during lessons, thus showing his keenness to improve in this area. Cabby's pronunciation of most words is clear and understandable, for new vocabulary he often responds well to drilling and repeats the word until he feels it is correct.He works very hard to improve his pronunciation and can be observed self- correcting at times. Linguistic Ability -? Weaknesses Completed table attached. Activities: Skill – Listening for specific information (â€Å"New Cutting Edge Elementary Students' Book† – pig. 10) This task requires the student to work on his own, as individual work is something Gabby struggles with, this activity will be challenging and requires him to work on his own and strengthen his ability to listen for specific information.The teacher Will hand out copies of the ‘General Knowledge Quiz' and ask the learner to look through the questions and answer as many as he can. This is a Test-Teach-Test based adaptation that will allow the student to error correct himself after listening o the audio. The teacher then plays the recording and asks the student to listen out for the various pieces of information that are required to answer the questions. After hea ring and answering the student can compare and correct his errors, thereby â€Å"learning from his mistakes†.Gabby is an Elementary level learner and this activity is graded as such. Although it does not tie in with his personal interest in music it is general knowledge and touches on various areas that Gabby may be interested in (brands, currency, Jennifer Lopez etc. ). Activities: System – Grammar – Present Simple (â€Å"New Cutting Edge Elementary Workbook – pig. 22/23). The various activities over the two pages deal with grammar related activities, specifically with the present simple.This is an area Gabby has some difficulty with, and he often confuses tenses which leads to grammatical errors. The activities consist of a mixture of gap fill and answering activities that will improve fluency in present simple. The teacher will hand out copies of the activities and ask the learner to work individually. A high level of monitoring and prompting with the aid of examples will be necessary as Gabby is an Elementary level learner. Focus on the Learner French student from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the intermediate class. Sidekick was born in Albumin's. He got his Matrix in 2008 and attended university for 2 years before and he's learning English so that he can continue his studies in South Africa. â€Å"The reason I'm learning English is that I am a French speaker and I wand to study in a English country,† he writes. Learner style: Sidekick response positively towards practical sessions.During an interview with Sidekick, he also reinforced this statement by saying that he prefers doing something and/or seeing something rather than just listening. This would suggest that he is mostly kinetic and visual with an emphasis on kinetic. These examples can be seen when asked to physically apply what he's learned. Learners four skills: Observing Sidekick, I've noticed that he struggles a little in each form, but that his weakest area is reading. He also struggles with speaking and writing, but both are connected in the sense that he translates directly from French.In English this would change something that he series Into a thin, straight, hand-held stick. There's also certain problems that occur with tenses, as I will mention In language systems. Sidekick also makes use of a speaking rhythm that is unnatural in English. In English phonetics and phonology: a practical course By Peter Roach, Rough explains that there's a difference between the rhythm of English and French. French makes use of a syllable timed rhythm and that all syllables whether stressed or unstressed occur at regular intervals.Listening: Sidekick follows natural speech rather easily. Reading: The main concern I've found is that while Sidekick can continue with listening,writing and speaking with mistakes, he stops when encounters a word that he is unfamiliar with. Writing: Along with his speaking the problem is tense usage. Other problems are spelling mistakes. He'll write words exactly as they sound. Language systems: After view ing 3 letters that I received from Sidekick, I observed several common mistakes. Continuous and simple forms: † My hobbles are: Sports, go to the cinema, Ana listening music. He would use â€Å"go to' (Instead AT going to) Ana â€Å"listening sic† (instead of listening to music. ) It shows logic in the forms that he use, but that there's some confusion of when to use continuous and simple tenses. Pronunciation: As mentioned before, Sidekick often replaces the It/ sound with the [d/ sound. Areas where the student needs help: So far Sidekick's greatest problems stem from the use of future tenses and question tenses. For questions he will at times confuse the subject and verb e. G. Muff are Tom? † and â€Å"Are you Tom? The emphasis on his words imply different meanings as we've learned during class. The former acknowledging that the speaker is vaguely familiar with the person and the latter purely asking. After reviewing his letters, I've decided that it's not Jus t his future tense that is the problem, but that he still struggles with most tenses. The activities I've selected and why: For the skill I've focused on reading. Continuous reading will help Sidekick see how to language is used, and if he stops reading Just because of one word, then he'll never progress any further.At the same time, the activity I've chosen for his reading, also applies to the other language area he requires help in: Vocabulary. The activity isn't focused on his learning style, but what he needs help in. It's been downloaded from www. Insidious. Net and has several tasks which will help him to improve. The gap fill will allow him to look at the entire sentence and then get him the gist of words. There is also a task which will improve his spelling and use of parts of speech, another area that he struggles with. For the language area, I've chosen tenses in general.Sidekick has claimed that it's only the future tense that confuses him, but Judging by his written work , there's also other tenses that he needs help on. The activity is Snakes and Ladders – Tenses from Cutting Edge: Upper Intermediate students' book by Sarah Cunningham and Peter Moor. The questions were all changed to apply to his level and weaknesses. This game focuses on his kinetic and visual needs, helping him learn in a particle and fun setting. References: www. London-translations. Co. UK www. Insidious. Net Moor. English phonetics and phonology: a practical course By Peter Roach Class notes

Alternative Education Programs - 1010 Words

In the world of education today many middle schools and high schools are looking at alternative education programs that truly prepare students with severe disabilities for the â€Å"real world† after high school. Unfortunately, many high schools are so concerned with high school credits that they do not even look into better alternative education programs. Numerous high schools rely on computer programs that assist students in obtaining their high school credits without being in the regular school setting. There are many methods a school can begin to use to turn an alternative education program around. Some of these ways include the use of activity schedules, community involvement and summer employment, assistive technology, and the†¦show more content†¦With the heightened emphasis on employment preparation due to the disappointing post school employment outcomes for students with severe disabilities, the fact that receiving work experiences during high school is among the most important predictor of favorable post school employment, and the fact that working during high school can contribute to the enhancement of students’ autonomy, identity, career awareness and aspirations, values, skills, knowledge, and development. Summer months offer time for students with severe disabilities to gain work-related experiences that could further their transition-related goals and prepare them for future careers. (Carter, Ditchman, Sun, Trainor, Swedeen, and Owens, 2010) Many schools focus so much on post school employment that little focus is given to regular education courses that could assist students with disabilities. Assistive technology such as handheld computers and compatible software assist students at school and at home. Assistive technology can assist students in note-taking, animating concepts, word processing, self-management, organization, beaming, cooperative learning, spontaneous interaction, and reinforcing concepts. Many pos t education careers involve these skills. However, without the proper education and use of assistive technology many students do not have many successful coping skills for â€Å"real world† problems. AssistiveShow MoreRelatedAlternative Education Schools and Programs1265 Words   |  5 PagesAlternative Education Alternative education was once considered a solution only necessary for children with special needs. 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